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diately of any change in plans.
A inform B informs
C informed D had informed
1 上述动词的名词后的同位语从句或表语从句中也要求相同形式的虚拟语气。
advice, agreement, requirement, request, suggestion, proposal, order, demand, insistence, preference, second, urge, motion, recommendation, permission, intention, desire, etc.
第六节 非谓语动词 (Non-predicate Verbs)
1术语
不定式--infinitive
动名词--gerund
分词—participle
现在分词--present participle
过去分词--past participle
2非谓语动词既有非动词特征，又有动词特征。
A非动词特征
不定式—具有n. adj. adv. 的特征，在句中担任除谓语外任何成分；
动名词—具有n. 特征，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语；
分词—具有adj. adv. 特征，在句中可作主语、表语、宾补、状语；
B动词特征：
①有语态和部分时态的变化；
②可以有自己的宾语和状语，同其宾语和状语一起构成短语；
③还可有逻辑主语
3区别：
动名词—名词；习惯性动作
不定式—将来；一次性动作
分词：现在分词—动作正在进行；表主动
过去分词—动作已经完成；表被动
（一）不定式
1 形式
一般式：to + v.原形
否定式：not to do
主动一般式：to do
主动进行式：to be doing
主动完成式：to have done
主动完成进行式：to have been doing
被动一般式：to be done
被动完成式：to have been done
1)一般式：不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者
在谓语动词表示的饿动作之后发生。
I’m glad to see you.（同时发生）
They invited us to come to a party.（不定式动作后发生）
2)完成式：不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前
I’m glad to have seen your mother.
= I’m glad that I have your mother.
The enemy was reported to have surrendered.
= It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.
3)进行式：谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。
They are said to be building another bridge over the river.
= It is said that they are building another bridge over the river.
4)完成进行式：在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。
They are said to have been collecting folk songs there.
= It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there.
⊙关于不定式的时态，考试中主要测试一般式、进行式和完成式的区
别，多数试题将正确答案设置在完成式上。为了更好地理解和掌握
这一语法测试点，研读和比较下列句子。
They expected their son to do well in the examination.
They expected their son to be doing well during the examination.
They expected their son to have done well in the examination.
2 不定式作用
①作主语
Eg. To master a foreign language is not easy.
→It’s not easy to master a foreign language.
It’s the greatest happiness of life to love and to be loved.
注：不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成 “It + is/was + adj./n. + 不定式（短语）”, 其中it 是形式主语(form subject)，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）。
②作表语
Eg. Her wish is to be a teacher.
She seems to be happy.
③作宾语
Eg. He loved to listen to music.
I find it difficult to speak English fluently.
下列及物动词要求不定式作宾语：
afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, strive, tend, wish, …
④作定语
Eg. He is the best man to consult with.
There is a lot of work to do.
注：不定式通常作后置定语，而且vi.后要加介词
⑤作状语
a目的状语
Eg. I started early so as to /in order to get there before dark.
so as to 和in order to 是不定式的强调形式
so as to用在句中
in order to 用在句中或句首
否定形式：not to do
so as not to do
in order not to do
b原因状语
Eg. We are proud to be members of this team.
We jumped with joy to hear of the good news.
c结果状语
Eg. He is too young to go to school.
He is old enough to go to school.
I hurried to the railway station only to find that the train had left.
He behaved so foolishly as to make me think that he is out of his senses.
His story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy.
so as to / such as to
so …as to/such …as to
so/such 区别：so + adj.
such + n.
so/such排序：so + adj. + a/an + n.
such + a/an + adj. + n.
Eg. Hers is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy.
Hers is so sad a story as to arouse our sympathy.
Her story is such as to arouse our sympathy.
⑥作补语
a宾补
Eg. China expects everyone to do his duty.
I could make them understand me.
补：要求不定式作宾补的动词：ask, tell, want, expect, invite, allow, forbid, force, oblige, urge, advise, persuade…sb. to do sth.
要求省to不定式作宾补的动词：make/have/let sb. do sth.
help sb. to do sth. 主语不直接参与动作
help sb. do sth. 主语直接参与动作
Eg. This kind of soap will help us to wash the clothes more easily.
They always help me do my homework.
b主补
Eg. We were made to pay the money.
A man was seen to enter the house.
注：主被动语态转换
S. ask sb. to do sth.→sb. be asked to do sth.
S. make sb. do sth.→sb. be made to do sth.
S. saw a man enter the house.→A man was seen to enter the house.
S. saw a man entering the house.→A man was seen entering the house.
3 结构与考点
①否定式
You must promise never to do that again.
② 特殊疑问词+不定式（作主语、宾语、宾补、表语）
介词+特殊疑问词+不定式
Eg. Where to stay has not been decided yet.（主语）
She doesn’t know what to do.（动词宾语）
He had no idea of how to do.（介词宾语）
I ask him where to get this book.（宾语补足语）
The question is which to choose.（表语）
I want a room with big windows, through which to see the sea.
③复合结构：for sb. to do sth.
It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth.
（当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表现”的形容词时，介词用of，如kind, wrong, polite, wise…）
Eg. The book is too difficult for the students to read.
There is no need for her to come.
It’s difficult for us to learn English well.
It’s kind of you to help me with my English.
④独立结构：作插入语，表示说话人的看法or态度
Eg. To be frank (with you), I don’t care much for your project.
They are, so to speak, grown up boys.（可以这么说）
He is not a bad man, to be sure.（固然）
to be honest with you;
to tell you the truth;
⑤分离/裂不定式(split infinitive)：在to与v.原形之间插入adv.
分裂不定式在过去的规范语法中是被禁止使用的，在现代英语中虽要求不那么严格，但也要尽量避免使用。分裂不定式主要见于文学作品，一般不用在口语中，通常只有在不这样处理会引起含义模糊时才使用。能用于分裂不定式的副词不多，主要有以下几类：
a时间副词
I was unable to long keep silence.
b程度副词
He likes to half close his eyes, thinking over the question.
c方式副词
Mother asks you to kindly come and see us some day this week.
She prepared to silently accompany him.
4 省略不定式符号to的情况（省to不定式即动词原形）
had better/ had best (not) do
had rather/ had sooner do sth. than do sth.
would rather/ would sooner do sth. than do sth.
would just as soon do sth. as do…（宁愿…也不愿 …）
may /might (just) as well do…（还是…好；还不如…;不妨…）
can not but do…(不能不；不得不)
cannot choose but （只得）
cannot help but （不得不）[cannot help+doing]
can but=can only （只得，充其量不过）
Eg. I would just as soon stay as go with him.
We may as well begin at once.
You may as well tell the truth.
We might just as well stay at home.
I can not but admire his courage.
I cannot but laugh.
I cannot choose but stay.
I cannot help but grieve.
②感官动词或使役动词+宾语+动词原形宾补
make /have /let/ bid/ leave + sb./sth. + do
常见感官动词：see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at, feel perceive etc.
[注：make/have + sb./sth. + done]
He made her do so.
Bid him go home. （叫他回家）
We will have the boy mail this letter.
Let there be no mistake about it. （这事可别出错）
Leave him go. （放他走）
Look at that horse jump.
Her whole life had been spent listening to other people talk.
③若连词(than, as)或介词(except, but, besides,save)前有do的某种形式，省to;反之则不省
Eg. He did not so much as say he was sorry.
I did no more than make a beginning.
I have no choice but to accept the fact.
I did nothing but/except repair the farm-tools.
My dog does everything except speak.
What do yo like to do besides swim?
I have done nothing save send for you.
④作表语的不定式，若主语中有do的某种形式，可省to也可不省.
Eg. All I did was (to) hit him on the head.
The only thing we can do is (to) encourage him to try again.
The only thing to do is (to) encourage him to try again.
What I’ll do is (to) tell her the truth.
（二）动名词
1 形式
一般式：v-ing
否定式：not v-ing
主动一般式： v-ing
主动完成式： having done
被动一般式： being done
被动完成式： having been done
复合结构：one’s doing
2 作用
①作主语
Eg. Seeing is believing.
There is no denying this.
It’s no use/good/useless crying over the spilt milk.
②作表语
Eg. His hobby is collecting stamps.
③作宾语
动词宾语 I have finished reading the book.
介词宾语 She is very fond of dancing.
④宾补
He called this robbing Peter to pay Paul.
Do you find staying here interesting?→
Do you find it interesting staying here?
动名词作宾补经常转换成：
vt.（谓语） + it（形式宾语） +Adj.（宾补）+ v-ing（动名词短语为真正的宾语）
⑤定语
动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能or用途
现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，是主谓关系
Eg. sleeping pills
a sleeping child
3 结构及考点：否定式和复合结构
①否定式 not v-ing
②复合结构: 名词所有格或物主代词+动名词（作主语或宾语）
名词通格或代词宾格+动名词（非正式文体或语中）
Eg. It’s no use buying books but not reading them.
His/Him going there won’t help much.
John’s/John coming here will get us out of trouble.
I don’t remember his/him giving me back that dictionary.
I don’t remember my wife’s/wife complaining about prices.
I heard of Miss Mary’s/Mary coming back.
附录：
有些动词或短语后需接动名词作宾语：anticipate, appreciate, involve, remember, forget, forgive, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, regret, avoid, consider, discuss, encourage, finish, like, love, resist, delay, admit，risk, resume, suggest, advise, allow, permit, deny, dislike, favor, fancy, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, leave off, overlook, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, put off, prevent, prohibit, quit, recommend, require, resent, recall, tolerate, understand, stop, …
approach to doing, be busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, can’t help doing, prefer doing A to doing B,…
有些句式要求动名词作宾语
It’s no use/good doing…
It’s useless doing…
⊙there to be和there being作介词宾语时的区别
there to be和there being都是there be的非谓语形式，并且都可以作介词宾语，二者在作介词宾语时的唯一区别在于：如果介词是for，则后面接there to be；如果是其它介词，则后面接there being。
It was unusual for there to be so few people in the street.
John was relying on there being another opportunity.
Eg. His suggestion was that we should start at once.
The order soon came that all civilians should evacuate the village.
We knew his insistence that he do the work himself.
I second Mr. Green’s motion that the meeting be put off until next week.
2上述动词的形容词后的that主语从句也要求相同形式的虚拟语气。
advisable, desirable, preferable, urgent, …
It is advisable that you (should) go to see a doctor.
It is desirable that you (should) speak the language fluently.
3 上述动词的被动式引出的主语从句中也要求相同形式的虚拟语气。
It is decided that….
It is arranged that….
Eg. It is recommended that the project ____ until all the preparations have been made.
A not be started B will not be started
C is not started D is not to be started
（五）as if/as though引导的方式状语从句中
真实方式状从：He looks as if he is young. (He is really young.)
虚拟方式状从：
1与现在事实相反
从句—v.过去式(be在一、三人称后可用was/were，通常用were较多)
2与过去事实相反
从句—v.过去完成式(had done)
3与将来事实相反，即将来不太可能发生
从句--情态v. (might) + v. 原形
Eg. He talks as if he were a scholar. (In fact, he is not a scholar.)
He speaks as if he had seen it with his own eyes. (Actually, he didn’t see it at all.)
It looks as if it might rain.
（六）lest, for fear that, in case （惟恐、以免、以防）引导的目的状语从句中
从句中谓语动词用should + v. 原形
lest 引导的目的状从中，should 常可省略
in case 引导的目的状语从句有真实和虚拟两种，真实条件句中不用虚拟语气。例如：Take an umbrella in case it rains.
Eg. I’ll be kind to her lest she decide to leave me.
He jotted the name down for fear that he should forget it.
Here’s some money in case you should need it.
He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.
I had to restrain him lest he should give us away.（约束；暴露）
He put his coat over the child for fear that /lest he should catch cold.
He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemy’s hands.
I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.
（七）whatever, whoever, no matter what之类代词或副词（词组）引起的让步状语从句中，从句谓语动词多用may加动词原形构成。
Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.
I won’t let you in whoever you may be.
No matter what you may say, I am determined to do what I think is right.
Come what may, we will go ahead.
这时如果指的是一个过去的动作，may后面的动词就要用完成式。
The party was a success, however inadequate the preparations may have been.
You mustn’t be proud, however much you may have achieved.
（八）在It is + adj./n. + that…等结构后的主语从句中，从句谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。（如果动作是过去发生的，可用should 加动词的完成式。）这里的形容词表示“重要性、必要性、可能性、命令、请求、建议”等
常见词有：important, essential, vital, necessary, imperative, natural, strange, proper, advisable, desirable, preferable, urgent, incredible, it is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder, …
It is imperative that we should practice criticism and self-criticism.
It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible.
It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.
It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.
It seems incredible that he should have finished the work so soon.
It is quite natural that such fears should arise.
It is a great pity that he should be so conceited.（自大）
（九）特殊句型
1 It is + (high/very/about) time + that 从句，从句中谓语动词用过去式。
It’s about time that class began.
It’s high time they were taught a lesson.
2 S. + would sooner/ would just as soon/ would rather/ had rather + that 从句
①从句中谓语动词用过去式
I would rather you came tomorrow/you didn’t do that.
②从句中虚拟语气的形式与wish之后的that从句相同
(注意：在would rather后的从句中，过去式可用于表示现在或将来情况的虚拟语气)
I’d rather (that) he had been here yesterday.
I’d rather he were here now.
I’d rather he would be here tomorrow.
I’d rather you came next weekend.
I would (just) as soon that he had not spoken rudely to me.
3 用于表示惊奇、喜悦、怀疑、不满等意义的形容词后的状语从句中，从句中谓语动词用should加动词原形或完成式。
I am sorry, we were surprised, they were disappointed, …
I’m sorry that he should say so.
I’m surprised that I should be accorded such a hearty welcome.
（十）其它词或短语引导虚拟语气
1 If only + 从句
① 与现在事实相反
从句—v.过去式（be 用were）
② 与过去事实相反
从句—v.过去完成式。
③ 与将来事实相反,即将来不太可能实现
从句--情态v. + v.原形
Eg. If only I had a million dollars/I were a millionaire.
If only I hadn’t lost it/I had studied computer at college.
If only I would go abroad.
2 But for + n. (短语)及without + n. (短语)结构中，主句用虚拟语气。
①与现在事实相反，主句谓语动词用情态v. + v. 原形
②与过去事实相反，主句谓语动词用情态v. + v. 现在完成式(have done)
but for=if it were not for / if it had not been for
but that=but for the fact that…
but for后面接名词，but that后面接从句，二者均表示“要是没有…”
的意思。
Eg. Without air there would be no life at all.
But for your help, we couldn’t have finished the task on time.
But that I saw it, I could not have believed it.
She would have fallen but that I caught her.
3 事实陈述句 + or/otherwise/or else +虚拟句
①与现在事实相反，主句谓语动词用情态v. + v. 原形
②与过去事实相反，主句谓语动词用情态v. + v. 现在完成式(have done)
Eg. I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the parade.
(三) 分词
1形式
①现在分词
一般式：v-ing
否定式: not v-ing
主动一般式： doing
主动完成式： having done
被动一般式： being done
被动完成式： having been done
②过去分词
一般式: v-ed
否定式: not v-ed
被动一般式: v-ed/done
③独立（主格）结构: (with) + n./pron. + 分词
2作用
①作表语
My pencil was broken. (过去分词作表语→主语状态)
Her speech was quite stirring. (现在分词作表语→主语性质)
②作定语
A lost opportunity never returns.
The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary.
The material used is cement.
注:分词(短语)作定语可以转化成定语从句
③作状语:分词(短语)作状语,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致
a时间状语
(When) Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him.
(When) Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
b原因状语
Being ill, he stayed at home.
Convinced of the accuracy of the data, I stuck to my opinion.
c条件状语
Working hard, you’ll succeed.
United, we stand; divided, we fall.
d让步状语
Working very hard, he did not feel a little tired.
Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence. (连词though→加强语气)
e结果状语
A letter has just come, relieving her from anxiety.
New machines were installed, thus/thereby resulting in an increase in production. (thus/thereby→加强语气)
f方式状语
Traveling by car, the students visited many places.
Armed with Marxism-Leninism, the Party solved the problems one after another.
g伴随状语
The teacher, followed by some students, went onto the classroom.
They stayed at home all day, giving the house a thorough cleaning.
④补语
a宾补 I am sorry I have kept you waiting.
I have my hair cut once a month.
(谓语v.多为使役v.和感官v.)
b主补 She was seen going up stairs.
The work was left half done.
3结构与考点
（一）分词短语作状语(其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致)
Having worked for an hour, he didn’t feel tired yet.
(现在分词working的现在完成式)
Having been questioned for an hour, he admitted having stolen the money.
(过去分词questioned的现在完成被动式)
(having stolen为动名词现在完成式)
⊙现在分词与过去分词作状语时的区别
一般说来，现在分词与过去分词作句子状语时的主要区别在于：
现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词表示被动的意思。
Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.
He stood there, surrounded by his three daughters.
⊙分词作状语时的时态
1)一般式：分词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时或几乎同
时发生
Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.
= As she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.
2)完成式：分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前
Having cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden.
= After we had cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden.
⊙ “when / while + 分词”结构
如果谓语动词表示的动作发生在分词表示的动作过程之中，分词的前面通常需要加上连词when或while，这样的分词结构可以放在句子前面，也可以放在句子后面。
Be careful when crossing the street.
= Be careful when you are crossing the street.
While discussing the matter, many people got very excited.
= While they were discussing the matter, many people got …
（二）分词的独立主格结构
分词(短语)作状语时,无论是现在分词还是过去分词，是一般式还是完成式，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。否则，分词前必需有自己的主语，即用独立主格。可以说，独立主格结构是分词作状语的一种特殊形式。
这里将详细论述独立主格结构，不仅是分词的独立主格结构。
1独立主格结构的构成：
1) n./pron. +现在分词、过去分词
2) n./pron. + adj.
3) n./pron + adv.
4) n./pron. + 不定式
5) n./pron. + 介词短语
2 独立主格结构的特点：
1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2) 名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是主谓关系。
3) 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
Eg. The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
The president assassinated, the whole counry was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was …
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
This done,we went home.
The meeting gone over, everyone tried to go home earlier.
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
3 with的独立主格结构
with + n./pron. +①现在分词/过去分词
②形容词
③副词
④不定式
⑤介词短语
Eg. The murder was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.
A being tied B having tied C to be tied D tied
= The murder was brought in, his hands tied behind his back.
4 独立主格结构使用中的问题
1) 介词使用相关问题：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但with的复合独立结构不受此限制。
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
= A robber burst into the room, with a knife in his hand.
2) 当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
5 解题关键:
先看句中是否有连词，以此判断句子类型，进而判断该应用什么结构。分词为v.的变化形式,接下来分析句子是否有谓语,若有则考虑分词作状语;如果分词(短语)的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,还要考虑分词独立主格结构作状语;然后看主被动关系确定用现在分词还是过去分词,最后考虑时态和语态.
典型例题：
Weather ____, we’ll go out for a walk.
A permits B permitting C permitted D for permitting
答案B。本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we小写，可知其不是两个简单句。我们可以判定这是一个简单句，并且句中已有谓语动词 “will go out”。逗号前部分能够这样使用的只有独立主格结构或with的复合独立主格结构。至此可以断定，本句使用的是 “n. + 分词” 独立主格结构。由于permit在这里翻译为“天气允许”，表示主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
Eg.
Being very poor in those days, my father couldn’t send me to
school.（分词短语作状语）
= Because my father was very poor in those days, he couldn’t send …
Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter
to her.（分词短语作状语）
= Because he hadn’t received an answer, he decided to write …
Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing tomorrow.（独立结构作状语）
= If weather permits, we’ll have an outgoing tomorrow.
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
（独立结构作状语）
= If all things are considered, her paper is of greater value …
时状: Class being over, the students went home.
Her supper finished, she went out for a walk.
原状: Her mother having fallen ill, she had to do the housework.
His leg badly hurt, he had to be sent to hospital.
条状: We shall have an outgoing tomorrow, weather permitting.
More time given, he would be able to do better.
方状: She related her adventure in Australia, her eyes sparkling with joy.
Her eyes fixed on the fire, she did some serious thinking.
伴状: She came home greatly pleased, her daughter running forward to meet her.
The undercarriage pulled up, the plane flew out of sight.
With独立主格结构例句:
With the question being settled, we went home.
The boy can’t do his homework with his sister singing in the room.
With her well taken care of, I left very relieved.
With Mr. Smith taking the lead, they decided to set up a joint enterprise.
With both arms outstretched, she met her son running towards her.
My room was on the second floor, with its broad window overlooking the square.
The boy lay in bed, with his leg injured.
He went out with the window open.
She went away with a book in her hand.
解疑辨析：
1 keep sb. doing 与keep sb. done的区别
“keep +名词+分词”表示“让……”的意思，分词用doing的形式还是用done的形式，取决于分词与名词的逻辑关系。
I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
We’ll keep you informed.
2 have之后的非谓语动词
与have相关的非谓语动词的用法主要有以下几种：
have sb. do sth. 叫某人做某事
have sb. done 使某人被他人做某事
have sb. doing sth. 听任某人做某事
have sth. done 让别人做某事，或表示无意识的受动行为
I’ll have him do it.
You ought to have her examined by the doctor.
I won’t have you saying that.
I have my hair cut every month.
I had my hat blown off.（无意识的受动行为）
3 不定式和分词作宾补时的含义及用法上的区别
动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词都可以作宾语补足语，但其用法和含义都有较大的区别：
在感官动词后作宾补时，不定式、现在分词和宾语在逻辑关系上是主动关系，过去分词和宾语在逻辑关系上是被动关系；现在分词指正在继续的动作的一部分，表示动作正在发生，而不定式指事情的全过程，表示动作已经结束。
Do you hear somebody singsing?
I saw the man get on the bus.
He felt himself seized by a strong arm from behind.
2)在使役动词后作宾补时，三者的不同用法如下：
A不定式（不带to）表示致使宾语去做某事，与宾语是主动关系，主要用在have, let, make等词后面。
I’ll have my boy mail this letter.
The landlord made the farmhands work very hard.
B现在分词表示听任某事发生，致使某事处于某一状态，与宾语是主动关系，主要用在get, have, keep, set, leave, start等词后面。
I won’t have you saying that.
He kept me waiting for half an hour.
C过去分词表示致使某事被做，与宾语是被动关系，主要用在get, have, make等词后面。
I had the house painted twice.
Have I made myself understood?
4 现在分词和过去分词作表语时的意义区别
现在分词作表语含有主动意味，指“使（人）有某种感觉”，其主语一般是事物。
The international situation is encouraging.
The day was so charming.
过去分词表示被动，含义为“（人）被引起某种感觉”， 其主语多为人。
She was disappointed.
We were excited at the news.
注：有些分词已经转化成形容词，可直接用very修饰，来表达“很”或“非常”的概念；如果还没有完全成为形容词，就不宜very修饰，而要用much或quite修饰。
5 现在分词和过去分词作状语时在意义和用法上的区别
用分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致。现在分词短语作状语时，通常表示主语正在进行的另一动作，对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬，与句子的主语是主动关系；过去分词短语作状语时，多用来说明谓语动作发生的背景或情况，与句子主语是被动关系。
Working in the factory, we learned a lot from the workers.
(=When we worked in the factory, …)
Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well (=As he had worked…)
Influenced by Lei Feng’s example, they performed a lot of good deeds (=As they were influenced…) 这种题的判别方法是：看句子主语在逻辑上是发出还是接受分词的动作，如果是发出这个动作，用现在分词；如果是接受这个动作，用过去分词。反过来，如果题中给了分词，则以句子主语与分词是否有逻辑上的主谓关系，以及这种关系是主动的还是被动的来判别。
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